It was mainly a trading city due to its location at the Black Sea's only entrance. Byzantium later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus on the Asiatic side.
The location of Byzantium attracted Roman Emperor Constantine I who, in 330 AD, refounded it as an imperial residence inspired by Rome itself. After his death the city was called Constantinople (Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantinoupolis, "city of Constantine").
On May 29, 1453, the city fell to the Ottoman Turks, and again became the capital of a powerful state, the Ottoman Empire. The Turks called the city "Istanbul" - the name derives from "eis-tin-polin" (Greek: "to-the-city").
Modern location: Istanbul, Turkey
Reverse: Eudoxia seated facing, hands folded over breast, crowned by hand of god, cross left; GLORIA RO_MANORVM / CON?
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.45 g
Reverse: SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated right, inscribing a christogram on shield set on narrow column. T in right field. Mintmark CON Epsilon.
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 1.46 g
20
Reverse: Victory seated right, inscribing christogram on shield set on cippus; SALVS REI_PVBLICAE / CONΓ
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.25 g
Reverse:
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 17.25 g
Reverse: Monogram of Anastasius
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.06 g
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Reverse: SALVS REI-PVBLICAE, Victory walking left, trophy on shoulder, dragging captive behind her. Chi-Rho in left field.
Die Orientation: 12 H
Weight: 1.2 g
Reverse: Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm; VIRTVS_EXERCITI / CONSA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.13 g
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Reverse: SALVS REI-PVBLICAE, Victory walking left, dragging captive; CONS?
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 0.97 g
Reverse: wide ornamented trident
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.9 g
Reverse: Athena Nikephoros seated left; BAΣIΛEΩΣ / ΛYΣIMAXOY, monogram (ΠΩΛYB) to left; BY below throne, trident in exergue
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 16.89 g
Reverse: Athena enthroned left, holding Nike with wreath, transverse spear, resting hand on shield; BAΣIΛEΩΣ / ΛYΣIMAXOY // AΣ / KAΛXA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 17.1 g
Reverse: Victory standing left, stepping on galley prow, cradling scepter and resting hand on shield; •CONSIA•
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.3 g
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Reverse: VICTORIA AЧGЧ Z, cross potent on three steps; at sides, Heraclius and Tiberius standing facing, each holding globus cruciger; CONOB in exergue.
Die Orientation: 7 H
Weight: 4.38 g
Reverse: large M / ANA / NEOϚ / * / E IIII
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.8 g
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Reverse: GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS, Two soldiers standing facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, two standards between them; CONSΓ in exergue
Die Orientation: 6 H
Weight: 2.4 g
Reverse: C LЄON P A MЧL - Crowned facing bust of Leo III, wearing loros and holding cross potent.
Die Orientation: 6 H
Weight: 4.42 g
Reverse: + IhSЧS/XRISTЧS/bASILЄЧ/bASILЄ· in four lines across field; above and below; ornate As.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 8.29 g
Reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing left holding shield on left arm and spearing a fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to right, • left
Die Orientation: 12 H
Weight: 1.8 g
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Reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO, radiate phoenix standing right on globe.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.17 g
Reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Phoenix, radiate, standing right on globe.
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 2.01 g
Reverse: two soldiers standing either side of a standard; GLOR_IA EXERC_ITVS / CONSΘ
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.8 g
Reverse: soldier spearing falling horseman (phrygian helmet); FEL TEMP R_EPARATIO / · / CONS{Z,I}
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.21 g
Reverse: two soldiers standing either side of two standards; GLOR_IA EXERC_ITVS / CONSS·
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.6 g
Reverse: soldier spearing falling horseman (phrygian helmet); FEL TEMP RE_PARATIO / · / CONSZ
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.56 g
Reverse: VOT / XX / . / MVLT / XXX within wreath; CONSΓ
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.7 g
Reverse: soldier spearing falling horseman (phrygian helmet); FEL TEMP RE_PARATIO / ·S· _ * / CONS?
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.45 g
Reverse: phoenix on globe right; FEL TEMP REPARATIO / CONS?
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.1 g
Reverse: two soldiers standing either side of a standard (o on banner); GLOR_IA EXERC_ITVS• / CONSΓ
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2 g
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Reverse: SECVRITAS PVBLICA, Euphrates seated right on ground, leaning on sceptre with urn at his side and reed in background; CONSS in exergue
Die Orientation: 5 H
Weight: 1.44 g
Reverse: PAX PVBLICA, Pax standing left holding olive branch
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 1.1 g
Reverse: Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter; PA_X PV_BLICA· / CONSE
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.28 g
Reverse: dEUS AdIUtA ROmANIS, Cross-potent on globe above three steps (no field marks)
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 6.4 g
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Reverse: VICTORIA AVÇЧ І Cross potent/ CONOB
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.45 g
Reverse: WANHC DECPOTIC O PALEOLOGOC QV XAPITI AVTOKPATOP in two lines around nimbate facing bust of John VIII; dot to left and right.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: -
Reverse: WANHC BACILEVC (or DECPOTIC) Q PALEOLOGOC, Facing bust of emperor
Die Orientation: -
Weight: -
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Reverse: VOT/ V/ MVLT/ X in four lines within wreath
Die Orientation: 6 H
Weight: 2.7 g
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Reverse: BVZANTIΩN, Athena standing facing, head left, holding shield and inverted spear
Die Orientation: 12 H
Weight: 10.3 g
Reverse: Bull right, 2 stars above; SECVRITAS REIPVB· / ·CONSPA(branch)
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 8.5 g
3.11.361 - 26.6.363 AD ex Aurea
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Reverse: VICTORI - A AVGGG ? (officina 4) around, CONOB in exergue, Constantinipolis seated facing, head r., holding spear and cross on globe.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.31 g
Reverse: Large M, ANNO to left, cross above, regnal year (XIII) to right, officina letter (ϵ) below; CON in exergue
Die Orientation: 6 H
Weight: 21.4 g
Byzantine Empire
AE Follis
Minted at the fifth officina in Constantinople during regnal year 13 which corresponds to 539/540 AD (Reigns typically didn't start on January 1st, so there is overlap)
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Reverse: Victory standing left with long cross; VICTORI_A AVGGG B / * / CON OB
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.42 g
Reverse: lying lion left, head right; CON
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 0.5 g
Reverse: +LЄOҺ/ЄҺ ӨЄO ЬA/SILЄVS R/OmЄOҺ in four lines.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.86 g
Reverse: +LEOh Eh ΘEO bA-SILEVS R-OMEOh, legend in four lines.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 5.58 g
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Reverse: +LEOh Eh ΘEO bA-SILEVS R-OMEOh / legend in four lines
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 7.87 g
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Reverse: VICTORIA AVGGI, Angel standing facing, holding long P-headed cross, and cross on globe; CONOB in exergue
Die Orientation: 6 H
Weight: 4.24 g
The I at the end denotes the 10th officina.
Given that Theodosius was not raised as co-emperor until 590, it makes sense to date the coin to his reign in my opinion.
CONOB="Constantinople, 1/72 pound pure gold"
Reverse: Large mark of value K; ANNO to left, cross above, X/I to right, A in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 5.15 g
Reverse: MP-OV - Facing bust of the Virgin Mary, nimbate and wearing pallium and maphorium.
Die Orientation: 6 H
Weight: 6.39 g
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Reverse: VIRTVS EXERCITI / Emperor stepping to the right, treading on captive and holding labarum and globe. Mintmark CONSA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: -
Reverse: Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive; SALVS REI_PVBLICAE / (XP) / CONSA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.2 g
Reverse: Theodosius on galley left, head right, raising hand; Victory seated left, steering galley; GLORIA RO_MANORVM / wreath / CONA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.9 g
Reverse: GLORIA ROMANORVM, Aracadius & Honorius standing on either side of a shorter Theodosius II, looking towards each other and holding spear and shields, the younger looking forward and holding spear and globe
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 0 g
Reverse: GLORIA ROMANORVM / CON Theodosius II, nimbate and in military attire, standing front, head to left, raising his right hand in salute and holding globe in his left; in field to left, star
Die Orientation: 12 H
Weight: 4.26 g
Reverse: SALVS REI-PVBLICAE, Victory walking left, trophy on shoulder, dragging captive behind her. Cross in left field?
Die Orientation: 6 H
Weight: 1 g
Reverse: Type 5 Monogram
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.4 g
Reverse: VICTORI-A AVGGGΔ: Victory, winged, draped, standing right, supporting long jeweled cross; star in right field. MintMark: -/-//CONOB
Die Orientation: 6 H
Weight: 4.46 g