In 211, the denarius was introduced and produced in enormous quantities from the silver captured in the sack of Syracuse the year before. Early denarii weighed 4.5g, but during the course of the next 40 years the weight was slowly reduced to 3.7g.
Politically, this period saw Rome defeat Carthage - a formidable enemy - conquer Illyria, and fight a series of wars in Macedonia and Greece which ended with the subjugation of that ancient civilization.
When Carthage was finally destroyed in 148 BC, the Roman Republic had gone from upstart to the undisputed master of the Mediterranean - Mare Nostrum, Our Sea'.
Reverse: Prow of galley right; (VAL) / I / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 27.3 g
Reverse: Victory, holding goad, driving biga right; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 7 H
Weight: 3.75 g
Reverse: Prow right, ROMA above, four pellets below.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 13.97 g
Reverse: Prow of galley right, ROMA above, three pellets below.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 5.79 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 3 H
Weight: 3.86 g
“This variety is believed to be one of the earliest issues of 53/2 based on its consistent presence (though in small numbers) in early hoards where contents included 53/2 examples. It is nearly always found with a loop under the visor, believed to be an attribute of Sicilian origin. There are no symboled siblings for this group.”
Obverse: There is usually a small loop under the visor in front of the forehead. The loop is often discretely represented as a small lump, other times it is clearly a loop.Tufts at the back of the helmet are very small and close together.
Reverse: More so than any other variety in this issue, the horses appear to be rearing up, rather than galloping forward, particularly the far horse, with forelegs farther above the exergue than on other varieties. The legend ROMA is in a trapezoidal frame. Cape style is Flag-like or Waving. There is nearly always a pointed horse's tail visible between the legs. The horses and riders appear rather small and distant, compared to other varieties.
Exceptions: There are rare examples that are clearly of this style but with horses that are galloping broadly forward rather than rearing up."
Provenance: CNG Electronic auction 408 (25 October 2017), lot 368, from the Andrew McCabe Collection. Ex Vecchi 13 (4 September 1998), lot 631.
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; below horses, female head right; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.76 g
Provenance: Naville Numismatics, Auction 42 (22 July 2018), lot 392.
Reverse: Luna in prancing biga right; below, fly and ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.85 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.65 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.42 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.36 g
Sibling to the "Spearhead series", RRC 88/2.
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Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 9 H
Weight: 3.98 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; staff below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.28 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; corn ear below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.1 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri galloping right; below, puppy right with both fore-feet raised; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 10 H
Weight: 3.71 g
Reverse: Dioscuri right riding on horses, stars over pilei, each holding spear reins; C·(ANTE)STI / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.8 g
Reverse: prow of galley right C·S(AX) I ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 26.9 g
Reverse: Dioscuri on horses riding right holding spears reins; stars over their pilei C·IVNI·C·F ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.9 g
Reverse: Victory in biga right holding whip and reins C. (MA)I(AN)I ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.39 g
Reverse: Luna in biga right, crescent above head; murex shell above PVR ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.2 g
Reverse: prow of galley right, fighting platform with club; ROMA / C /●●
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.9 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri riding right; L•ITI below, ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.39 g
Reverse: Dioscuri riding right on horses holding stears and reins; stars over their pilei (LPLH) ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.6 g
Reverse: Dioscuri right riding on horses, stars over pilei, each holding spear reins L·SE(MP) ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4 g
Reverse: prow of galley right; L·SE(MP) / ●●●● / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 6.6 g
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Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, riding right; L•SEMP below, ROMA in linear frame in exergue
Die Orientation: 12 H
Weight: 4.54 g
CNG Feature Auction 114; Lot 554. Ex. Spink Auction 19004 (27.03.2019); Lot 159 (hammer £850). Previously purchased from Baldwin’s on 29th August 1968 (£60).
Reverse: The Dioscuri on horseback riding right. Below horses, M•ATILI and ROMA in linear border in exergue.
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 3.8 g
From Appian - The Spanish Wars " He was succeeded in the command by Marcus Atilius, who made an incursion among the Lusitanians and killed about 700 of them and took their largest city, called Oxthracae. This so terrified the neighboring tribes that they all made terms of surrender. Among these were some of the Vettones, a nation adjoining the Lusitanians. But when he went away into winter quarters they all forthwith revolted and besieged some of the Roman subjects."
Reverse: Dioscuri on horses riding right, stars over pilei, holding spear and reins; M·ATILI / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.8 g
Reverse: prow of galley right; (MAT) / I / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 27.8 g
Reverse: Victory in biga right holding whip and reins, P.S(VL)A / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.2 g
Reverse: Prow of Galley, right. OPEI above, I in right field. ROMA in exergue
Die Orientation: 7 H
Weight: 15.3 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; club below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 4.46 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; anchor below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 4.44 g
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Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; decempeda below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.78 g
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Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; female head below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.65 g
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Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; corn ear below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.1 g
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Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.65 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; feather below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 3.29 g
Provenance: Artemide Aste - E-auction 22 (3 April 2022), lot 454.
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; shield and carnyx below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 4.17 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; dolphin below horses; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 0 H
Weight: 4.09 g
Provenance: Spink Numismatic Circular - September 1983 (5441).
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: 1 H
Weight: 4.47 g
Reverse: The Dioscuri, each holding spear, on horseback right; two stars above; ROMA in exergue.
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.37 g
Reverse: prow of galley with corvus right; grain ear above; S / K / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 12.2 g
Reverse: prow of galley right S ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 18.6 g
Reverse: prow of galley right, fighting platform with club ROMA ●●
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.8 g
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Reverse: prow of galley right, fighting platform with club; grain ear above ROMA ●●
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 5.9 g
Reverse: Prow of galley right I H ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 31.7 g
Reverse: Prow of galley right, club above I ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 44.2 g
Reverse: prow of galley right, Rostrum Tridens above I ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 28.99 g
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Reverse: Victory standing right crowning trophy with wreath; thunderbolt between ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.4 g
Reverse: prow of galley right, meta above I ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 43.4 g
Reverse: prow of galley right I ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 20 g
Reverse: Dioscuri riding on horses right holding spears and reins; stars over their pilei, ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.5 g
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Reverse: prow of galley right; ROMA / ●●
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 7.4 g
Reverse: Dioscuri on horses riding right holding spears and reins, stars over pilei; ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 1.2 g
Reverse: Dioscuri on horses right, stars over pilei, holding spear and reins; ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.7 g
Reverse: prow of galley right; (PT) / I / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 23.1 g
Reverse: prow of galley right, fighting platform decorated with club; I / CA / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 10.27 g
Reverse: prow of galley right; ROMA / ●●●●
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 10.1 g
Reverse: Dioscuri on horses riding right, holding spear and reins, stars over pilei; ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.1 g
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Reverse: Victory right crowning trophy with wreath; RoMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.1 g
Reverse: prow of galley right ROMA; ●●●
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 2.8 g
Reverse: Dioscuri riding right on horses, holding spear and reins, stars over pilei, staff below; ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 4.6 g
Reverse: prow of galley right; I / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 42.1 g
Reverse: prow of galley right; I / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 39.5 g
Reverse: prow of galley with corvus right, grain ear above; I< / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 5.4 g
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Reverse: prow of galley right, butterfly on vine branch with leaf and grape bunch above; I / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 26.2 g
Reverse: prow of galley right, above gryphon trampling on head of hare; I / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 24.8 g
Reverse: Dioscuri riding right on horses holding stears and reins; stars over their pilei; wheel below; ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.6 g
Reverse: Dioscuri riding right on horses holding stears and reins; stars over their pilei; ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 3.8 g
Reverse: prow of galley right; S(AX) / I / ROMA
Die Orientation: -
Weight: 31.5 g
